The least efficacious antibiotic was dirithromycin which pro

The least efficacious antibiotic was dirithromycin which provided protection for only of the mice. Lomefloxacin is 1184940-47-3 readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and has 95�C98% bioavailability with a maximum concentration of 2�C4 mg/ml following a 400 mg dose in humans. Erythromycin is also readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract and has a mean serum level of 7 mg/ml when given via IV in humans. Clarithromycin, which can be provided both by oral and IV routes, is also readily absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, and is,50% bioavailable in humans. Norfloxacin is 30�C40% bio-absorbed and reaches a Cmax of 2 mg/ mL in humans. Thus, all of these drugs exhibit favorable properties for taking them further in the clinic. For the viral agents tested, 24 compounds with previously unidentified antiviral activity were broadly active. This set of compounds includes chloroquine, which is a lysosomatropic base and appears to disrupt intracellular trafficking and viral fusion events. CQ has also been shown to inhibit HIV-1, although the mechanism is not clear. We also identified estradiol and toremifene, two steroidal hormones, as inhibitory to both MARV and EBOV. Interestingly, these compounds have previously been identified as inhibitors of New World arenaviruses but were suggested to interfere with late 670220-88-9 stages of viral replication and assembly. As seen in Table 4, diphenoxylate and dipivefrin were active against MARV, EBOV and LASV. Since diphenoxylate is a Schedule-II drug and is medically utilized with severe restrictions, its verification by animal efficacy was not possible. Unexpectedly, two antibiotics, dirithromycin and erythromycin, were potently active against MARV and EBOV, with erythromycin exhibiting 60% protection against LASV. Dirithromycin had no activity against LASV in vitro. We identified a significant number of compounds whose mechanism of action against the viral agent is unclear, suggesting that further analysis of these compounds may shed new light on the interaction between virus and host, and potentially point toward new antiviral compounds. In particular, given the large number of structural variants that cluster around approved drugs, more potent compounds with similar safety profiles are likely to be readily available for fur