Dify and alter the structure of myelin proteins and have negative impacts on myelin structure and nerve function in peripheral neuropathies. Among the various oxidative modifications of proteins, carbonylation is a critical and irreparable modification that has been shown to be elevated during aging, diabetes and in neurodegeneration [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Diabetic subjects are known to have elevated glucose-, and lipoxidation-derived carbonyl stress [18,19,20,21,22,23], however, it remains unknown if carbonylation of sciatic nerve/myelin proteins are elevated in peripheral neuropathies. Therefore, we asked (i) does oxidative stress have an effect on carbonylation and misfolding of sciatic nerve proteins in peripheral neuropathy, and (ii) is the carbonylation of sciatic nerve/myelin proteins associated with loss in nerve conduction and myelin in peripheral neuropathy? We chose two distinct models to address the questions, the well-characterized leptin receptor deficient (dbdb) mouse model of diabetic polyEpigenetic Reader Domain neuropathy [2,24], and mice lacking the superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) gene (Sod12/2) as a model of in vivo oxidative stress [25,26,27,28]. Sod1 is an important cytosolic antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies harmful superoxide radicals. Previous studies from our group have shown that Sod12/2 mice exhibit significant increase 16985061 in in vivo oxidative stress and deficits in neuromuscular function with age [25,26,27,28]. However, it remains unknown if the chronic elevation of oxidative stress in Sod12/2 mice results in alterations in myelin structure and reduced nerve conduction and whether these phenotypes arelinked to increase in sciatic nerve protein carbonylation and misfolding. It is well established that oxidative modification of proteins and their subsequent misfolding can lead to their aggregation, which may have an important role in the pathology of several diseases including neurodegenerative diseases [29,30,31]. With respect to the peripheral nervous system, it has been shown that peripheral myelinating protein 22 (PMP22), a key myelin protein, undergoes mutation and aggregation in multiple mouse models of human Epigenetics neuropathies [32,33,34,35]. In fact, aggregation of PMP22 has been proposed to be causal for the demyelination phenotype in the J trembler mouse model of human peripheral neuropathy [32,35]. However, it remains unknown if the decrements in nerve conduction and myelination in diabetic peripheral neuropathy is linked to carbonylation and aggregation of PMP22. In this study, we report that reduced nerve conduction and altered myelin morphology in dbdb and Sod12/2 mice are associated with increases in carbonylation and misfolding of sciatic nerve proteins. We further show that PMP22 undergoes carbonylation and aggregation in sciatic nerves of dbdb mice, a finding that is supported by our in vitro oxidation assay with tertbutyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) and purified PMP22. Our results reveal for the first time that sciatic nerve/myelin proteins are potential targets for carbonylation and aggregation, which may have important implications for loss in myelin integrity and nerve conduction in peripheral neuropathies.Protein Oxidation, Misfolding and DemyelinationResults Alterations in nerve conduction and myelin structure in dbdb and Sod12/2 miceDbdb mice have been previously shown to have reduced sciatic NCV and increased tail distal motor latency (tdml) [2]. In the current study, we wanted to determine whether oxidative stress is associa.Dify and alter the structure of myelin proteins and have negative impacts on myelin structure and nerve function in peripheral neuropathies. Among the various oxidative modifications of proteins, carbonylation is a critical and irreparable modification that has been shown to be elevated during aging, diabetes and in neurodegeneration [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Diabetic subjects are known to have elevated glucose-, and lipoxidation-derived carbonyl stress [18,19,20,21,22,23], however, it remains unknown if carbonylation of sciatic nerve/myelin proteins are elevated in peripheral neuropathies. Therefore, we asked (i) does oxidative stress have an effect on carbonylation and misfolding of sciatic nerve proteins in peripheral neuropathy, and (ii) is the carbonylation of sciatic nerve/myelin proteins associated with loss in nerve conduction and myelin in peripheral neuropathy? We chose two distinct models to address the questions, the well-characterized leptin receptor deficient (dbdb) mouse model of diabetic polyneuropathy [2,24], and mice lacking the superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) gene (Sod12/2) as a model of in vivo oxidative stress [25,26,27,28]. Sod1 is an important cytosolic antioxidant enzyme that detoxifies harmful superoxide radicals. Previous studies from our group have shown that Sod12/2 mice exhibit significant increase 16985061 in in vivo oxidative stress and deficits in neuromuscular function with age [25,26,27,28]. However, it remains unknown if the chronic elevation of oxidative stress in Sod12/2 mice results in alterations in myelin structure and reduced nerve conduction and whether these phenotypes arelinked to increase in sciatic nerve protein carbonylation and misfolding. It is well established that oxidative modification of proteins and their subsequent misfolding can lead to their aggregation, which may have an important role in the pathology of several diseases including neurodegenerative diseases [29,30,31]. With respect to the peripheral nervous system, it has been shown that peripheral myelinating protein 22 (PMP22), a key myelin protein, undergoes mutation and aggregation in multiple mouse models of human neuropathies [32,33,34,35]. In fact, aggregation of PMP22 has been proposed to be causal for the demyelination phenotype in the J trembler mouse model of human peripheral neuropathy [32,35]. However, it remains unknown if the decrements in nerve conduction and myelination in diabetic peripheral neuropathy is linked to carbonylation and aggregation of PMP22. In this study, we report that reduced nerve conduction and altered myelin morphology in dbdb and Sod12/2 mice are associated with increases in carbonylation and misfolding of sciatic nerve proteins. We further show that PMP22 undergoes carbonylation and aggregation in sciatic nerves of dbdb mice, a finding that is supported by our in vitro oxidation assay with tertbutyl hydroperoxide (tBHP) and purified PMP22. Our results reveal for the first time that sciatic nerve/myelin proteins are potential targets for carbonylation and aggregation, which may have important implications for loss in myelin integrity and nerve conduction in peripheral neuropathies.Protein Oxidation, Misfolding and DemyelinationResults Alterations in nerve conduction and myelin structure in dbdb and Sod12/2 miceDbdb mice have been previously shown to have reduced sciatic NCV and increased tail distal motor latency (tdml) [2]. In the current study, we wanted to determine whether oxidative stress is associa.
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