Ower at ,1 [44], whereas all cloned animals produced by SCNT from in

Ower at ,1 [44], whereas all cloned animals produced by SCNT from in vitro transfected cells have the transgene integrated into their genome [6,9,45?8]. The main advantages of SCNT over 10781694 the other Epigenetic Reader Domain methods for transgenic production in large animals is that transgene insertion and expression can be ascertained in cultured cells prior to use for animal cloning. Our results confirm thatexogenous DNA introduced into the genome of porcine fibroblasts is stably integrated and propagated in the embryo and tissues of the adult animal. Importantly, our ability to detect GFP fluorescence in the tissues of adult clone animals indicates that genes contained in the exogenous DNA remain functional. SCNT cloning efficiency in this study (2.82 of the transferred embryos develop to term) was similar to our previous results when SCNT embryos reconstructed with non-transfected fibroblast cells from the same parental cell line were transferred to recipient gilts [41]. This confirmed that the presence of exogenous DNA and expression of apoE-shRNA did not have a deleterious effect on post-implantation development of porcine SCNT embryo. The only stillborn Epigenetics piglet likely died during the passage through the birth canal because it was normal sized (1,080 g) and had no apparent lesions or anatomic abnormalities. Analysis of liver tissue and plasma 16985061 samples taken from all the surviving transgenic cloned pigs indicated reduced apoE protein abundance as compared to control clone pigs. However, there was an apparent variation in the abundance of apoE protein in the livers of different apoE-shRNA transgenic clone pigs. A number of conditions may account for variations in transgene expression in cloned animals. One possibility deals with the location or number of transgene copies integrated in the genome of donor cells since different lines of transfected cells were used to produce each pig clone. Another possibility is the efficiency of transgene expression in the tissues of cloned animals. Epigenetic changes occurring during embryo/fetal development have been observed [49,50], and it is possible that in our study such changes affected the regulation and expression of the gene encoding the apoE-shRNA1 in the cloned pigs. In summary, this study demonstrates that the combination of RNAi and SCNT technologies is a viable approach for producing strains of pigs, a large animal species that is of interest for biomedical research, with stable and propagatable genetic modifications.Materials and Methods ChemicalsUnless otherwise indicated, chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada).Animal WelfareAll animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of McGill University, and were in compliance with the guidelines from the Canadian Council of Animal Care.Cell CulturePorcine ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir (Olymel S.E.C./L.P.) and transferred to the laboratory in sterile 0.9 NaCl at 4uC, and were the source of granulosa cells used in this study. The content of follicles with diameter between 3? mm was aspirated, centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min and cell pellet was washed 3 times in PBS. Cells were then resuspended and cultured in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Life Technologies Inc., Burlington, ON) at 38.5uC in a humidified atmosphere of 5 CO2 and 95 air. The culture medium was replaced every 48 h. Once reaching conflue.Ower at ,1 [44], whereas all cloned animals produced by SCNT from in vitro transfected cells have the transgene integrated into their genome [6,9,45?8]. The main advantages of SCNT over 10781694 the other methods for transgenic production in large animals is that transgene insertion and expression can be ascertained in cultured cells prior to use for animal cloning. Our results confirm thatexogenous DNA introduced into the genome of porcine fibroblasts is stably integrated and propagated in the embryo and tissues of the adult animal. Importantly, our ability to detect GFP fluorescence in the tissues of adult clone animals indicates that genes contained in the exogenous DNA remain functional. SCNT cloning efficiency in this study (2.82 of the transferred embryos develop to term) was similar to our previous results when SCNT embryos reconstructed with non-transfected fibroblast cells from the same parental cell line were transferred to recipient gilts [41]. This confirmed that the presence of exogenous DNA and expression of apoE-shRNA did not have a deleterious effect on post-implantation development of porcine SCNT embryo. The only stillborn piglet likely died during the passage through the birth canal because it was normal sized (1,080 g) and had no apparent lesions or anatomic abnormalities. Analysis of liver tissue and plasma 16985061 samples taken from all the surviving transgenic cloned pigs indicated reduced apoE protein abundance as compared to control clone pigs. However, there was an apparent variation in the abundance of apoE protein in the livers of different apoE-shRNA transgenic clone pigs. A number of conditions may account for variations in transgene expression in cloned animals. One possibility deals with the location or number of transgene copies integrated in the genome of donor cells since different lines of transfected cells were used to produce each pig clone. Another possibility is the efficiency of transgene expression in the tissues of cloned animals. Epigenetic changes occurring during embryo/fetal development have been observed [49,50], and it is possible that in our study such changes affected the regulation and expression of the gene encoding the apoE-shRNA1 in the cloned pigs. In summary, this study demonstrates that the combination of RNAi and SCNT technologies is a viable approach for producing strains of pigs, a large animal species that is of interest for biomedical research, with stable and propagatable genetic modifications.Materials and Methods ChemicalsUnless otherwise indicated, chemicals were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (Oakville, ON, Canada).Animal WelfareAll animal procedures were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of McGill University, and were in compliance with the guidelines from the Canadian Council of Animal Care.Cell CulturePorcine ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir (Olymel S.E.C./L.P.) and transferred to the laboratory in sterile 0.9 NaCl at 4uC, and were the source of granulosa cells used in this study. The content of follicles with diameter between 3? mm was aspirated, centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min and cell pellet was washed 3 times in PBS. Cells were then resuspended and cultured in Dulbecco Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10 fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 mg/ml streptomycin (Life Technologies Inc., Burlington, ON) at 38.5uC in a humidified atmosphere of 5 CO2 and 95 air. The culture medium was replaced every 48 h. Once reaching conflue.