Puromycin Vs Ampicillin

t birth. Consistent with our in situ hybridization results, we observed robust expression of Runx2 in both the vertebral body and the adjacent ligament. To confirm that Runx2 is expressed in the ligament, we performed immunohistochemistry using an antibody against Runx2 and observed Runx2 protein in the ligament. These results demonstrate that Runx2 is expressed in ligament cells. Next, to address the functional relevance of Runx2 in the development of OPLL, we studied the expression of Runx2 in ectopically calcified lesions, which resemble human OPLL lesions, in order AG-221 ENPP1ttw/ttw mice, a mouse model of OPLL. ENPP1ttw/ttw mice are a useful model of ossification in OPLL, which is caused by a point mutation in the ENPP1 nucleotide pyrophosphatase gene. ENPP1 regulates soft-tissue calcification and bone mineralization by producing inorganic pyrophosphate, a major inhibitor of calcification. ENPP1ttw/ttw mice did not exhibit any overt abnormalities from birth through four weeks of age. At eight weeks of age, abnormal gait, rigidity of the vertebral column and stiffness of the limb joints developed, as previously reported . A histological examination revealed that an ectopically ossified OPLL-like region developed by eight weeks of age; no calcification was evident at four weeks of age, although proliferation of the ligament cells was noted at that age. Because Runx2 is essential for bone formation and mineralization, we tested whether Runx2 expression was observed at four weeks of age in the proliferating cells of the ligament that were subsequently mineralized. In fact, Runx2 expression was clearly observed in the ligament at four weeks, the age at which the ligament was not calcified. Thus, Runx2 expression precedes the development of an OPLL-like region in the ligament, suggesting that Runx2 may play a role in the development of OPLL. Next, to address the functional role of Runx2 in OPLL, we tested whether decreasing Runx2 expression affects the development of the OPLL-like region in the ENPP1ttw/ttw mice. Accordingly, we generated ENPP1ttw/ttw mice carrying a single allele of Runx2 by mating ENPP1ttw/ttw mice with heterozygous Runx2 mice. A histological examination revealed that the abnormal proliferation of cells in the posterior longitudinal ligament region was substantially lower in the ENPP1ttw/ttw/Runx2+/2 mice than in the ENPP1ttw/ttw mice. Moreover, the ectopically calcified OPLL-like region was significantly smaller in the ENPP1ttw/ttw/Runx2+/2 mice. An immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that Runx2 expression was lower in the ENPP1ttw/ttw/Runx2+/2 mice than in the ENPP1ttw/ttw mice. To test rigorously whether Runx2 haploinsufficiency affects the disease progression of OPLL, we quantified the ectopically ossified region in the OPLL model using reconstructed 3D images obtained using micro-CT. We noted that all of the ENPP1ttw/ttw mice exhibited ectopic ossification of the cruciform ligament at the atlanto-occipital area by eight weeks of age. Therefore, we quantified the volume of the calcified cruciform ligament. In fact, the volume of calcified ligament in the ENPP1ttw/ttw/Runx2+/2 mice was less than half of that in the ENPP1ttw/ttw mice. In accordance with PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210737 that observation, Bone Mineral Content of calcified ligament in the ENPP1ttw/ttw/Runx2+/2 mice was significantly decreased compared to that in the ENPP1ttw/ttw mice. Interestingly, volumetric Bone Mineral Density was not significantly different between the ENPP1ttw/ttw/Runx2+/