D measures factorial ANOVA with maternal diet and CLA supplementation as

D measures factorial ANOVA with maternal diet and CLA supplementation as factors with Holm-Sidak post-hoc test for group order TCN238 comparisons using SigmaPlot 12.0. Where appropriate linear regression analysis was used to analyse diameter/pressure HTS01037 manufacturer relationships. Concentration-relaxation curves were constructed using Prism software Data are shown as means SEM unless otherwise stated. A probability of P<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results Adult offspring body and retroperitoneal weights An effect of HF was observed on adult body weight at day 150. Body weights in HFCLA offspring were not significantly different from CON or CLA groups. A further overall effect of CLA was observed with both CLA and HFCLA groups having lower body weights than CON and HF offspring. Post-hoc analysis revealed HF male having significantly increased body weight compared to CON, CLA and HFCLA groups . A highly significant effect of HF was observed on adult male retroperitoneal fat weights at cull. Post-hoc analysis revealed that HF offspring had significantly increased fat depots than all other groups. No differences were seen between CON, CLA and HFCLA fat weights at cull. A further effect of CLA was observed as maternal CLA supplementation appeared to reduce retro fat deposition in both CLA and HFCLA offspring. A significant interaction was observed as CLA supplementation combined with a HF diet reduced retro fat weight in HFCLA offspring when compared to HF offspring. Maternal and offspring systolic blood pressure Following 10 days of habituation to experimental diets there were no difference in SBP between groups prior to pregnancy. An overall effect of HF on SBP at day 80 was observed in 4 / 12 Maternal CLA Supplementation and Offspring Endothelial Function Fig 1. a) Adult offspring body weight at cull at 150 days of age. Data are means SEM, PubMed ID:http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/119/3/343 n = minimum of 6 litters per treatment group. p<0.001 for HF vs. all other groups. b) Adult offspring retroperitoneal weight at cull at 150 days of age. Data are means SEM, n = minimum of 8 litters per treatment group. p<0.001 for HF vs. all other groups. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115994.g001 HF and HFCLA when compared to CON and CLA offspring. CLA supplementation did not have an effect on SBP in CLA or HFCLA adult offspring SBP. SBP at day 130 in HF and HFCLA offspring maintained a similar pattern to that observed at day 80. No significant differences in SBP by age was recorded between the two time points and the effect of high fat remained with HF and HFCLA offspring having higher resting blood pressure than CON and CLA groups without an effect of CLA supplementation at either day 80 or day 150 of age. Adult offspring plasma lipid profiles An overall significant effect of CLA was observed on plasma HDL and LDL . Maternal CLA supplementation resulted in significantly increased HDL and LDL concentrations in offspring of both CON and HF mothers. Post-hoc analysis revealed Fig 2. Pre-gestational dam systolic blood pressure in 12 week old female rats after 10 days of experimental diet intake as analysed by tailcuff plethysmography, systolic blood pressure at postnatal day 80 in male offspring, systolic blood pressure at postnatal day 130 in male offspring. p<0.001 for HF and HFCLA vs. all other groups. Maternal diet effect p<0.01. Data are means SEM, n = 6 litters per group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115994.g002 5 / 12 Maternal CLA Supplementation and Offspring Endothelial Function Fig 3. Effect of high fat +/- CL.D measures factorial ANOVA with maternal diet and CLA supplementation as factors with Holm-Sidak post-hoc test for group comparisons using SigmaPlot 12.0. Where appropriate linear regression analysis was used to analyse diameter/pressure relationships. Concentration-relaxation curves were constructed using Prism software Data are shown as means SEM unless otherwise stated. A probability of P<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results Adult offspring body and retroperitoneal weights An effect of HF was observed on adult body weight at day 150. Body weights in HFCLA offspring were not significantly different from CON or CLA groups. A further overall effect of CLA was observed with both CLA and HFCLA groups having lower body weights than CON and HF offspring. Post-hoc analysis revealed HF male having significantly increased body weight compared to CON, CLA and HFCLA groups . A highly significant effect of HF was observed on adult male retroperitoneal fat weights at cull. Post-hoc analysis revealed that HF offspring had significantly increased fat depots than all other groups. No differences were seen between CON, CLA and HFCLA fat weights at cull. A further effect of CLA was observed as maternal CLA supplementation appeared to reduce retro fat deposition in both CLA and HFCLA offspring. A significant interaction was observed as CLA supplementation combined with a HF diet reduced retro fat weight in HFCLA offspring when compared to HF offspring. Maternal and offspring systolic blood pressure Following 10 days of habituation to experimental diets there were no difference in SBP between groups prior to pregnancy. An overall effect of HF on SBP at day 80 was observed in 4 / 12 Maternal CLA Supplementation and Offspring Endothelial Function Fig 1. a) Adult offspring body weight at cull at 150 days of age. Data are means SEM, PubMed ID:http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/content/119/3/343 n = minimum of 6 litters per treatment group. p<0.001 for HF vs. all other groups. b) Adult offspring retroperitoneal weight at cull at 150 days of age. Data are means SEM, n = minimum of 8 litters per treatment group. p<0.001 for HF vs. all other groups. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115994.g001 HF and HFCLA when compared to CON and CLA offspring. CLA supplementation did not have an effect on SBP in CLA or HFCLA adult offspring SBP. SBP at day 130 in HF and HFCLA offspring maintained a similar pattern to that observed at day 80. No significant differences in SBP by age was recorded between the two time points and the effect of high fat remained with HF and HFCLA offspring having higher resting blood pressure than CON and CLA groups without an effect of CLA supplementation at either day 80 or day 150 of age. Adult offspring plasma lipid profiles An overall significant effect of CLA was observed on plasma HDL and LDL . Maternal CLA supplementation resulted in significantly increased HDL and LDL concentrations in offspring of both CON and HF mothers. Post-hoc analysis revealed Fig 2. Pre-gestational dam systolic blood pressure in 12 week old female rats after 10 days of experimental diet intake as analysed by tailcuff plethysmography, systolic blood pressure at postnatal day 80 in male offspring, systolic blood pressure at postnatal day 130 in male offspring. p<0.001 for HF and HFCLA vs. all other groups. Maternal diet effect p<0.01. Data are means SEM, n = 6 litters per group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115994.g002 5 / 12 Maternal CLA Supplementation and Offspring Endothelial Function Fig 3. Effect of high fat +/- CL.