Knowledge Base classification of the protein differentials observed by us indicated

Knowledge Base classification of the protein differentials observed by us indicated following molecular and cellular functions, networks and canonical pathways. The top network identified includes molecules associated with cell-to-cell signaling and interactions, tissue development and cellular movement. Major molecular and cellular functions and canonical pathways enriched in the dataset are shown in Fig. 4. Protein synthesis, cell-to-cell signaling and interactions, RNA post transcriptional modification are the molecular and cellular functions identified. In a recent study by TCGA group, genomic alterations including mutation, copy number variations and fusion transcript profiles, showed PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling to be one of the major drivers for diffuse glioma17. It is interesting to note that among the canonical signaling pathways, we observed mTOR signaling and the downstream pathways i.e. eIF2, eIF4 and p70S6K signaling as most enriched pathways. The protein IDs and P-values associated with these molecular and cellular functions, networks and canonical pathways are shown in Supplementary Table S4A . PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is known to play important role in cell proliferation and cell growth and mTOR is a master regulator of cell growth through its ability to stimulate ribosome biogenesis and mRNA translation28. DA are low grade tumors which represent an early stage of uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth with higher demands on increased protein synthesis. Consistent with this, protein synthesis is the major cellular process enriched in these tumors. The dataset also showed over expression of 43 ribosomal proteins of both small and large subunit (Supplementary Table S4C) suggesting increased ribosome biogenesis. Thus the increase in ribosome biogenesis which may be linked to mTOR activation is reflected by the enrichment of eIF2 pathway to provide the machinery required to promote cell growth and proliferation. Some of the ribosomal proteins include those with extra ribosomal functions which include tumor suppressor and proto-oncogene regulation (RPL5, RPL11, RPL23, RPL7A)29. mTOR is also implicated in early stage tumors of other tissues as well as low grade pediatric gliomas and is considered to be a potential therapeutic target30,31. However, inhibitors of mTOR have not been as successful, presumably because mTOR has multifunctional roles. Targeting multiples GW610742 web kinases or other molecules may be one possibility. On the other hand, it may be useful to view and integrate the mutational or the fusion transcript profiles discussed in the context of deregulated mToR cascades downstream17 and explore other possible targets. RTK signalling is one of the most GW 4064 supplement frequently observed pathway in human cancers and EGFR is one of the best known oncogenic RTK for several cancers including gliomas32. It is linked to the malignant transformation of these tumours through mutations and copy number variations as well as overexpression at RNA and protein level33,34. EGFR is often used to evaluate primary GBMs35. EGFRvIII being the most common mutation observed33, is viewed for targeted therapy for gliomas. TERT promoter mutation along with wildtype IDH status has been associated with glioma prognosis and in some conditions it is implicated with alterations in chromosome 7, which harbours EGFR gene17. A survey through literature until year 201233, indicated several reports of overexpression of EGFR in Gr II tumors as has been also observed in our da.Knowledge Base classification of the protein differentials observed by us indicated following molecular and cellular functions, networks and canonical pathways. The top network identified includes molecules associated with cell-to-cell signaling and interactions, tissue development and cellular movement. Major molecular and cellular functions and canonical pathways enriched in the dataset are shown in Fig. 4. Protein synthesis, cell-to-cell signaling and interactions, RNA post transcriptional modification are the molecular and cellular functions identified. In a recent study by TCGA group, genomic alterations including mutation, copy number variations and fusion transcript profiles, showed PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling to be one of the major drivers for diffuse glioma17. It is interesting to note that among the canonical signaling pathways, we observed mTOR signaling and the downstream pathways i.e. eIF2, eIF4 and p70S6K signaling as most enriched pathways. The protein IDs and P-values associated with these molecular and cellular functions, networks and canonical pathways are shown in Supplementary Table S4A . PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is known to play important role in cell proliferation and cell growth and mTOR is a master regulator of cell growth through its ability to stimulate ribosome biogenesis and mRNA translation28. DA are low grade tumors which represent an early stage of uncontrolled cell proliferation and growth with higher demands on increased protein synthesis. Consistent with this, protein synthesis is the major cellular process enriched in these tumors. The dataset also showed over expression of 43 ribosomal proteins of both small and large subunit (Supplementary Table S4C) suggesting increased ribosome biogenesis. Thus the increase in ribosome biogenesis which may be linked to mTOR activation is reflected by the enrichment of eIF2 pathway to provide the machinery required to promote cell growth and proliferation. Some of the ribosomal proteins include those with extra ribosomal functions which include tumor suppressor and proto-oncogene regulation (RPL5, RPL11, RPL23, RPL7A)29. mTOR is also implicated in early stage tumors of other tissues as well as low grade pediatric gliomas and is considered to be a potential therapeutic target30,31. However, inhibitors of mTOR have not been as successful, presumably because mTOR has multifunctional roles. Targeting multiples kinases or other molecules may be one possibility. On the other hand, it may be useful to view and integrate the mutational or the fusion transcript profiles discussed in the context of deregulated mToR cascades downstream17 and explore other possible targets. RTK signalling is one of the most frequently observed pathway in human cancers and EGFR is one of the best known oncogenic RTK for several cancers including gliomas32. It is linked to the malignant transformation of these tumours through mutations and copy number variations as well as overexpression at RNA and protein level33,34. EGFR is often used to evaluate primary GBMs35. EGFRvIII being the most common mutation observed33, is viewed for targeted therapy for gliomas. TERT promoter mutation along with wildtype IDH status has been associated with glioma prognosis and in some conditions it is implicated with alterations in chromosome 7, which harbours EGFR gene17. A survey through literature until year 201233, indicated several reports of overexpression of EGFR in Gr II tumors as has been also observed in our da.