D communication [13?7] have been extensively studied in the past in order to understand better the way in which they affect the wealth, resilience and function of social systems on global, regional, national and sub-national scales. With our work we aim to address the general question of whether structural network properties of different flow networks between countries can be used to produce proxy indicators for the socioeconomic profile of a country.Methodology and DataIn this work, we explore over four years of daily postal data records between all countries by comparing them to other global flow networks, such as the trade, migration and digital networks. We show how the network properties of global flow networks can approximate critical socioeconomic indicators and how network communities formed across physical and digital flow networks can reveal socioeconomic similarities. Real-time measurements of international flow networks can ultimately act as global monitors of wellbeing with positive implications for international development BMS-986020 price efforts. Using knowledge about the way in which countries interact through flows of goods, people and information, we use the principles of multiplexity theory to understand the strength of international ties and the network communities they form. In this section, we will detail the methods used to perform our analysis and the various datasets with focus on the international postal network (IPN), which has previously not been described.Global MultiplexityMultiplexity, or the multiple layers of interactions between the same entities, has been explored in a wide range of systems from global air transportation [18] to massive online multiplayerPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155976 June 1,2 /The International Postal Network and Other Global Flows as Proxies for National Wellbeinggames [19]. In [20], the P144 Peptide clinical trials author studied the implications of multiple media usage on social ties in an academic organisation and discovered that multiplex ties (those which use multiple media) indicate a stronger bond. This has been empirically evaluated on networks with both geographical and social interactions recently [21], where it was found that people share a stronger bond when observed to communicate through many different media. These findings support the intuition that a pair of nodes enjoy a stronger relationship if they are better connected across several diverse network layers. The multichannel exchange of information or goods, offers a simple and reliable way of estimating tie strength but has not been applied to international networks of flows until now. Multiplex network model. A natural extension of a network in which edges between pairs of nodes represent a single kind of flow between those nodes, is to a multiplex network [22] including several qualitatively different kinds of flows which may each be understood as a single distinct layer. The advantages of a multiplex model is that the presence of several different network layers has been consistently shown to be more informative than a single layer [23?6]. A comprehensive review of multiplex network models can be found in [27], however, in this work we will apply a simple multiplex model to capture the multiple flow interactions which we will describe in the following section. A multiplex network is one where multiple connections exist between the same entities yet a different set of neighbours exists for a node in each layer [28]. Although many possible repr.D communication [13?7] have been extensively studied in the past in order to understand better the way in which they affect the wealth, resilience and function of social systems on global, regional, national and sub-national scales. With our work we aim to address the general question of whether structural network properties of different flow networks between countries can be used to produce proxy indicators for the socioeconomic profile of a country.Methodology and DataIn this work, we explore over four years of daily postal data records between all countries by comparing them to other global flow networks, such as the trade, migration and digital networks. We show how the network properties of global flow networks can approximate critical socioeconomic indicators and how network communities formed across physical and digital flow networks can reveal socioeconomic similarities. Real-time measurements of international flow networks can ultimately act as global monitors of wellbeing with positive implications for international development efforts. Using knowledge about the way in which countries interact through flows of goods, people and information, we use the principles of multiplexity theory to understand the strength of international ties and the network communities they form. In this section, we will detail the methods used to perform our analysis and the various datasets with focus on the international postal network (IPN), which has previously not been described.Global MultiplexityMultiplexity, or the multiple layers of interactions between the same entities, has been explored in a wide range of systems from global air transportation [18] to massive online multiplayerPLOS ONE | DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0155976 June 1,2 /The International Postal Network and Other Global Flows as Proxies for National Wellbeinggames [19]. In [20], the author studied the implications of multiple media usage on social ties in an academic organisation and discovered that multiplex ties (those which use multiple media) indicate a stronger bond. This has been empirically evaluated on networks with both geographical and social interactions recently [21], where it was found that people share a stronger bond when observed to communicate through many different media. These findings support the intuition that a pair of nodes enjoy a stronger relationship if they are better connected across several diverse network layers. The multichannel exchange of information or goods, offers a simple and reliable way of estimating tie strength but has not been applied to international networks of flows until now. Multiplex network model. A natural extension of a network in which edges between pairs of nodes represent a single kind of flow between those nodes, is to a multiplex network [22] including several qualitatively different kinds of flows which may each be understood as a single distinct layer. The advantages of a multiplex model is that the presence of several different network layers has been consistently shown to be more informative than a single layer [23?6]. A comprehensive review of multiplex network models can be found in [27], however, in this work we will apply a simple multiplex model to capture the multiple flow interactions which we will describe in the following section. A multiplex network is one where multiple connections exist between the same entities yet a different set of neighbours exists for a node in each layer [28]. Although many possible repr.
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