N of apoptosis in target cellsCTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DC

N of apoptosis in target cellsCTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DC, dendritic cell; DNT, double negative T cell; FasL, fas ligand; FGL2, fibrinogen-like protein 2; Foxp3, forkhead box p3; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related gene; Gzmb, granzyme B; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase; IEL, intraepithelial lymphocytes; IFN-, interferon gamma; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; LAT, linker for activation of T cells; LCK, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase; LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; Lin, lineage; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NK, natural killer; PD-1, programmed cell death-1; TCR, T cell receptor; TGF-3, transforming growth factor beta 3; Thy1, thymocyte antigen; TIGIT, T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains.July 2015 Volume 6 Issue 3 eRambam Maimonides Medical JournalTreg and FGL2 in Alloimmunity and Autoimmunity The mechanisms through which FGL2 Talmapimod web exerts its immunomodulatory function have been an area of active research. We and others have shown that FGL2 binds to FcRIIB and RIII.41 FcRIIB is a lowaffinity inhibitory receptor with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), which is widely expressed on myeloid cells, DC, and B cells.42,43 It recruits phosphatases, such as SHIP (Src homology domain 2-containing inositol phosphatase) to inhibit immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling. Self-ligation and cross-linking of FcRIIB also results in B cell apoptosis, and B cell-specific FcRIIB knockout mice have increased antibody responses with an enhanced susceptibility to arthritis.43 Interestingly, FcRIIB-/- mice develop autoimmune glomerulonephritis similar to fgl2-/- mice.44,45 We have reported that binding of FGL2 to FcRIIB on B cells leads to B cell apoptosis and that A20IIA1.6 cells, which lack FcRIIB, are protected from FGL2-induced apoptosis.41 Similarly, FGL2 is ineffective at inhibiting bone marrow-derived DC maturation in FcRIIB-/- mice, further supporting the concept that the FGL2 cRIIB interaction is the major pathway accounting for the immunosuppressive activity of FGL2.41 ROLE OF TREG AND FGL2 IN TRANSPLANTATION/ALLOIMMUNITY CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg are known to play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of tolerance in solid organ transplantation. In experimental animal models, we and others have shown that depletion of Treg prevents the development of tolerance.39,46?8 In order to investigate the role of Treg in tolerance, we established a mouse model of rapamycin-induced allograft tolerance. In this model, a short course of rapamycin (10 doses of 0.4 mg/kg over 16 days) led to long-lasting tolerance of heart allografts (>100 days). Tolerant mice were found to have an expansion of splenic and intragraft Foxp3+FGL2+ Treg compared with rejecting mice. Importantly, depletion of Treg with an buy Torin 1 anti-CD25 antibody (PC61) during rapamycin induction abrogated allograft tolerance and led to rejection of allografts. 49 In preclinical rodent models, treatment with donor-specific Treg has been shown to prolong allograft survival and induce tolerance.50 For these studies, donor-specific Treg were generated that were specific for direct antigen recognition. Regulatory T cells specific for both direct and indirectRambam Maimonides Medical Journalantigen presentation may have additional benefit in preventing chronic as well as acute rejection.51 These studies ha.N of apoptosis in target cellsCTLA-4, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4; DC, dendritic cell; DNT, double negative T cell; FasL, fas ligand; FGL2, fibrinogen-like protein 2; Foxp3, forkhead box p3; GITR, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related gene; Gzmb, granzyme B; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase; IEL, intraepithelial lymphocytes; IFN-, interferon gamma; Ig, immunoglobulin; IL, interleukin; LAG-3, lymphocyte activation gene 3; LAT, linker for activation of T cells; LCK, lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase; LFA-1, lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1; Lin, lineage; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; MHC, major histocompatibility complex; NK, natural killer; PD-1, programmed cell death-1; TCR, T cell receptor; TGF-3, transforming growth factor beta 3; Thy1, thymocyte antigen; TIGIT, T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains.July 2015 Volume 6 Issue 3 eRambam Maimonides Medical JournalTreg and FGL2 in Alloimmunity and Autoimmunity The mechanisms through which FGL2 exerts its immunomodulatory function have been an area of active research. We and others have shown that FGL2 binds to FcRIIB and RIII.41 FcRIIB is a lowaffinity inhibitory receptor with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM), which is widely expressed on myeloid cells, DC, and B cells.42,43 It recruits phosphatases, such as SHIP (Src homology domain 2-containing inositol phosphatase) to inhibit immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) signaling. Self-ligation and cross-linking of FcRIIB also results in B cell apoptosis, and B cell-specific FcRIIB knockout mice have increased antibody responses with an enhanced susceptibility to arthritis.43 Interestingly, FcRIIB-/- mice develop autoimmune glomerulonephritis similar to fgl2-/- mice.44,45 We have reported that binding of FGL2 to FcRIIB on B cells leads to B cell apoptosis and that A20IIA1.6 cells, which lack FcRIIB, are protected from FGL2-induced apoptosis.41 Similarly, FGL2 is ineffective at inhibiting bone marrow-derived DC maturation in FcRIIB-/- mice, further supporting the concept that the FGL2 cRIIB interaction is the major pathway accounting for the immunosuppressive activity of FGL2.41 ROLE OF TREG AND FGL2 IN TRANSPLANTATION/ALLOIMMUNITY CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg are known to play a critical role in the induction and maintenance of tolerance in solid organ transplantation. In experimental animal models, we and others have shown that depletion of Treg prevents the development of tolerance.39,46?8 In order to investigate the role of Treg in tolerance, we established a mouse model of rapamycin-induced allograft tolerance. In this model, a short course of rapamycin (10 doses of 0.4 mg/kg over 16 days) led to long-lasting tolerance of heart allografts (>100 days). Tolerant mice were found to have an expansion of splenic and intragraft Foxp3+FGL2+ Treg compared with rejecting mice. Importantly, depletion of Treg with an anti-CD25 antibody (PC61) during rapamycin induction abrogated allograft tolerance and led to rejection of allografts. 49 In preclinical rodent models, treatment with donor-specific Treg has been shown to prolong allograft survival and induce tolerance.50 For these studies, donor-specific Treg were generated that were specific for direct antigen recognition. Regulatory T cells specific for both direct and indirectRambam Maimonides Medical Journalantigen presentation may have additional benefit in preventing chronic as well as acute rejection.51 These studies ha.