Ith ICSI, a morphologically and functionally abnormal sperm cell may be allowed to fertilize. The

Ith ICSI, a morphologically and functionally abnormal sperm cell may be allowed to fertilize. The integrity of the sperm nucleus being so tightly linked with the head morphology and in consequence the mobility of the cell it is very likely that an abnormal spermatozoa bears an abnormal nucleus. AM152MedChemExpress BMS-986020 Therefore, monitoring the quality of the sperm nucleus by various means should be an integral part of the routine check-up of the male partner prior to ART.Abbreviations 3-OH: 3 hydroxyl; AO: Acridine orange; ART: Assisted reproductive technologies; BER: Base Excision Repair; CENP-A: Centromere-specific protein A; ChIP: Chromatin immunoprecipitation; CMA3: Chromomycin A3; DBDFISH: DNA breakage detection fluorescence in situ hybridization; DFI: DNA fragmentation Index; DTT: Dithiotreitol; FISH: Fluorescence in situ hybridization; H2O2: Hydrogen peroxide; ICSI: IntraCytoplasmic Sperm Injection; IVF: In vitro fertilization; MAR: Matrix attachment regions; MSOME: Motile Sperm Organelle Morphology Examination; PARP: poly(ADPribose) [PAR] polymerases; Prm: Protamine; PTM: Post-translational modifications; PUFA: Polyunsaturated fatty acids; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; SCD: Sperm chromatin dispersion assay; SCSA: Sperm Chromatin Structure Assay; ssDNA: Single strand DNA; TEM: Transmitted electronic microscopy; TH2B: Testis-specific H2B variant; Tnp: Transition proteins; TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyrudine triophosphate Nick End LabelingAvailability of data and materials Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. Authors’ contributions AC, JTC, PG, AK helped JRD to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Englsih grammar and syntax copy editing was done by PG. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Consent for publication Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Author details 1 GReD “Genetics, Reproduction Development” Laboratory, UMR CNRS 6293, INSERM U1103, Clermont Universit? BP60026 – TSA60026, 63178 Aubi e cedex, France. 2Centro Universit io Rio Preto, UNIRP, Rodovia Br153, Km 69, CEP15093-450 S Jos?do Rio Preto, S Paulo, Brazil. 3CellOxess LLC, 830 Bear Tavern Road, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA. Received: 29 September 2016 Accepted: PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25447644 12 NovemberAcknowledgements Not applicable.Funding State grants from the INSERM, CNRS and the French Ministry of Higher Education support the activities of the research team headed by Prof. Drevet.References 1. Russell LD, Ettlin RA, Hikim APS, Clegg ED. Histological and histopathological evaluation of the testis. Int J Androl. 1993;16(1):83?3. 2. Oudet P, Gross-Bellard M, Chambon P. Electron microscopic and biochemical evidence that chromatin structure is a repeating unit. Cell. 1975;4(4):281?00. 3. Finch JT, Klug A. Solenoidal model for superstructure in chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1976;73(6):1897?01. 4. Carter CW. Histone packing in the nucleosome core particle of chromatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1978;75(8):3649?3. 5. Kouzarides T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell. 2007;128(4):693?05. 6. Campos EI, Reinberg D. Histones: annotating chromatin. Annu Rev Genet. 2009;43(1):559?9. 7. Meistrich ML, Mohapatra B, Shirley CR, Zhao M. Roles of transition nuclear proteins in spermiogenesis. Chromosoma. 2003;111:483?. 8. Govin J, Caron C, Lestrat C, Rousseaux S, Khochbin S. The role of histones in chr.