S old) and included 75 female and 25 males. The sample was raciallyethnicallyS

S old) and included 75 female and 25 males. The sample was raciallyethnically
S old) and included 75 female and 25 males. The sample was raciallyethnically diverse with 50 Caucasian, 34 African American, 9 Asian, 3 Hispanic, and three other raceethnicity students. Measures Exposure to reallife violenceThe Neighborhood Experiences Questionnaire (Schwartz and Proctor 2000) assessed lifetime exposure to violence. The measure consists of four items assessing witnessing violence (e.g “How many instances have you noticed somebody else get hit, punched, or slapped”) and products assessing victimization (e.g “How quite a few occasions has somebody broken in or tried to force their way into your home”). Things had been rated from 0 (by no means) to three (lots of times). Element evaluation of your measure indicated the presence of a single element, so all 25 things had been summed for an all round measure of exposure to reallife violence (.87). Exposure to media violenceExposure to media violence was measured with four things. Two items inquired regarding the quantity of time spent watching tv and films (“How lots of hours per week do you devote watching TVmovies”) and two things assessed the frequency of violent content material in every single medium (“How often do the Tv showsmovies you watch show physical fighting, shooting, or killing”). The very first two things have been rated on a sixpoint scale from `no time’ (0) to ‘5 or more hours per week’ (5). The two media violence products have been rated on a scale from (pretty much never ever) to four (almost usually), or 0 (I don’t engage within this activity). Constant with other research of media violence (Funk et al. 2004; Huesmann et al. 984), the level of time spent watching Television or films was multiplied by the degree of violence reported for that medium as well as the two merchandise have been summed to yield an general score of exposure to violent Tv and film content material. PTSD symptomsThe PTSD Checklist Civilian version (Weathers et al. 994) can be a selfreport measure of traumatic symptoms. The 7 products assess DSM IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD across 3 symptom clusters: intrusions (e.g “Repeated, disturbing dreams of a (R)-Talarozole custom synthesis stressful experience”), avoidance (e.g “Avoiding activities or circumstances because theyAuthor Manuscript Author Manuscript Author ManuscriptJ Youth Adolesc. Author manuscript; available in PMC 206 May well 0.Mrug et al.Pagereminded you of a stressful experience”), and arousal (e.g “Feeling jumpy or very easily startled”). Participants rated just how much each and every symptom bothered them the final month on a fivepoint scale from (not PubMed ID:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28515341 at all) to five (exceptionally). All products had been averaged to yield a international measure of PTSD symptomatology (.87). EmpathyEmpathy was measured with three subscales of your Interpersonal Reactivity Index, a multidimensional measure of empathy (Davis 980). The Empathic Concern scale includes seven items that assess feelings of concern and sympathy for other folks in distress, or emotional empathy (e.g “I frequently have tender, concerned feelings for people today less fortunate than me”). The sevenitem Viewpoint Taking scale measures the potential to know others’ points of view, or cognitive empathy (e.g “I think that you’ll find two sides to just about every query and attempt to appear at them both”). Finally, the seven items on the Fantasy scale assess daydreaming and emotional identification with fictional characters in films, books and plays (e.g “I seriously get involved with all the feelings of the characters in a novel”). All products have been rated on a fivepoint scale from (doesn’t describe me properly) to 5 (describes me properly), reverse coded as needed, and averaged (.75 for Empathic Concern, .77 for Persp.