Bdomen (Left panel) of 20-week-old WT (n

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Bdomen (Left panel) of 20-week-old WT (n 1516647 = 6) and KO (n = 4) mice and analysis of body fat mass (Right panel). (B) Sections of epiWAT from 20-week-old mice were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. (C) Age-dependent alteration of epiWAT size was observed in 5- (WT, n = 5; KO, n = 5), 10- (WT, n = 10; KO, n = 10) and 24-week-old (WT, n = 5; KO, n = 4) mice. (D) mRNA expression levels of genes encoding preadipocyte and mature adipocyte markers in WAT. Individual measurements were normalized to b ctin expression, and the wild-type group average was set to 1. n = 8 samples per group. (E ) Levels of sphingomyelin (E), ceramide (F) and GM3 (G) species in isolated WAT of 10-week-old mice was analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. n = 6 samples per group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061380.gwhich recognizes carbonylated order 370-86-5 proteins produced by oxidative modification [41], indicated that levels of ROS-modified proteins in SMS1-KO WAT were significantly greater than those seen in wild-type GW-0742 price Tissue (Fig. 3A). On the other hand, carbonylated proteins were not increased in the liver of SMS1-KO mice. Immunoblot analysis using the anti-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) antibody, which recognizes ROS-modified proteins [42], alsoindicated that ROS-modified proteins were significantly increased in SMS1-KO WAT but not in the liver (Fig. 3B). Immunohistochemical analysis with an anti-DNP antibody confirmed that proteins in SMS1-KO WAT were highly modified by ROS (Fig. 3C). Interestingly, mRNA analysis showed that expression of CHOP and Bim, mRNAs encoding apoptotic factors, was increased in SMS1-KO WAT (Fig. 3D, Table S1), although weFigure 2. LPL activity and fatty acid uptake are reduced in WAT of SMS1-KO mice. (A) Shown are triglyceride levels in blood plasma of 14week-old mice (WT, n = 3; KO, n = 3). (B) LPL activity was assayed in WAT and liver of 20-week-old mice (WT, n = 6; KO, n = 5). (C) [3H]palmitic acid was intraperitoneally injected to 4 h-starved mice. After 0.5 h (WT, n = 8; KO, n = 5) or 48 h (WT, n = 7; KO, n = 3), tissues were isolated and radioactivity in tissues was measured. (D) Assessment of [3H]palmitic acid uptake into MEFs isolated from wild-type (WT, n = 30) and SMS1-deficient (KO, n = 30) embryos. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061380.gSMS1 in Adipose Tissue FunctionFigure 3. SMS1-KO WAT is severely damaged by oxidative stress. (A) Proteins were extracted from epiWAT and liver of 10-week-old wildtype (WT, n = 3) or SMS1-KO (KO, n = 3) mice and carbonylated proteins were detected by immunoblot analysis using anti-DNP antibody. (B) Samples in (A) were subjected to immunoblot analysis using anti-4-HNE antibody to detect protein modification by ROS. Hsc70 staining served as a standard. (C) Carbonylated proteins in epiWAT of 20-week-old mice were immunohistochemically detected using an anti-DNP antibody (Left panel), and DNP signal intensity in the plasma membrane area was quantified (WT, n = 3; KO, n = 3) (Right panel). (D) mRNAs were extracted from WAT of 10-week-old mice. mRNA expression levels of genes encoding apoptotic factors were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and normalized to b ctin expression. The wild-type group average was set to 1. n = 6? samples per group. (E) Activity of caspase-3 was spectrophotometrically assessed. n = 6 samples perSMS1 in Adipose Tissue Functiongroup. (F) mRNA expression levels of genes encoding macrophage-related factors were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. n = 10?2 samples per group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061380.gfailed to observ.Bdomen (Left panel) of 20-week-old WT (n 1516647 = 6) and KO (n = 4) mice and analysis of body fat mass (Right panel). (B) Sections of epiWAT from 20-week-old mice were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. (C) Age-dependent alteration of epiWAT size was observed in 5- (WT, n = 5; KO, n = 5), 10- (WT, n = 10; KO, n = 10) and 24-week-old (WT, n = 5; KO, n = 4) mice. (D) mRNA expression levels of genes encoding preadipocyte and mature adipocyte markers in WAT. Individual measurements were normalized to b ctin expression, and the wild-type group average was set to 1. n = 8 samples per group. (E ) Levels of sphingomyelin (E), ceramide (F) and GM3 (G) species in isolated WAT of 10-week-old mice was analyzed by LC/ESI-MS. n = 6 samples per group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061380.gwhich recognizes carbonylated proteins produced by oxidative modification [41], indicated that levels of ROS-modified proteins in SMS1-KO WAT were significantly greater than those seen in wild-type tissue (Fig. 3A). On the other hand, carbonylated proteins were not increased in the liver of SMS1-KO mice. Immunoblot analysis using the anti-4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) antibody, which recognizes ROS-modified proteins [42], alsoindicated that ROS-modified proteins were significantly increased in SMS1-KO WAT but not in the liver (Fig. 3B). Immunohistochemical analysis with an anti-DNP antibody confirmed that proteins in SMS1-KO WAT were highly modified by ROS (Fig. 3C). Interestingly, mRNA analysis showed that expression of CHOP and Bim, mRNAs encoding apoptotic factors, was increased in SMS1-KO WAT (Fig. 3D, Table S1), although weFigure 2. LPL activity and fatty acid uptake are reduced in WAT of SMS1-KO mice. (A) Shown are triglyceride levels in blood plasma of 14week-old mice (WT, n = 3; KO, n = 3). (B) LPL activity was assayed in WAT and liver of 20-week-old mice (WT, n = 6; KO, n = 5). (C) [3H]palmitic acid was intraperitoneally injected to 4 h-starved mice. After 0.5 h (WT, n = 8; KO, n = 5) or 48 h (WT, n = 7; KO, n = 3), tissues were isolated and radioactivity in tissues was measured. (D) Assessment of [3H]palmitic acid uptake into MEFs isolated from wild-type (WT, n = 30) and SMS1-deficient (KO, n = 30) embryos. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061380.gSMS1 in Adipose Tissue FunctionFigure 3. SMS1-KO WAT is severely damaged by oxidative stress. (A) Proteins were extracted from epiWAT and liver of 10-week-old wildtype (WT, n = 3) or SMS1-KO (KO, n = 3) mice and carbonylated proteins were detected by immunoblot analysis using anti-DNP antibody. (B) Samples in (A) were subjected to immunoblot analysis using anti-4-HNE antibody to detect protein modification by ROS. Hsc70 staining served as a standard. (C) Carbonylated proteins in epiWAT of 20-week-old mice were immunohistochemically detected using an anti-DNP antibody (Left panel), and DNP signal intensity in the plasma membrane area was quantified (WT, n = 3; KO, n = 3) (Right panel). (D) mRNAs were extracted from WAT of 10-week-old mice. mRNA expression levels of genes encoding apoptotic factors were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR and normalized to b ctin expression. The wild-type group average was set to 1. n = 6? samples per group. (E) Activity of caspase-3 was spectrophotometrically assessed. n = 6 samples perSMS1 in Adipose Tissue Functiongroup. (F) mRNA expression levels of genes encoding macrophage-related factors were assessed by quantitative RT-PCR. n = 10?2 samples per group. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061380.gfailed to observ.