T of seven membranecrossing helices. The binding pockets of the native

T of seven membranecrossing helices. The binding pockets of the native small molecule ligands, i.e. orthosteric binding sites, are situated in the middle of the helical bundle in the Class A GPCR structures that have been determined so far [2]. Despite the recent advances in GPCR X-ray structure determination [3] and the substantial numbers of novel ligands identified for some GPCRs [4,5], there are still many (potential) GPCR targets for which no structure or ligands are known. In order to apply protein structure-based methods of ligand identification, in particular docking, to receptors that lack 22948146 an experimentally determined structure, homology modeling is a 12926553 promising avenue. Constructing homology models is facilitated by the fact that the transmembrane (TM) region of Class A GPCRs is relatively well conserved [6]. The accuracy of homology models is limited, however, by the uncertainty of modeling the extra- and intracellular loops, which greatly vary in length and amino acid composition, even between otherwise closely Autophagy related GPCRs [7]. In this study, we tested the utility of homology models for docking and selecting compounds with reasonable affinity for theinvestigated receptor subtype. We Epigenetics intentionally restricted the amount of existing ligand data used to refine the binding site during model building to mimic a situation where few ligands are known (as would be the case for previously little investigated “novel” targets). In fact, except for the very first steps of model building and optimization, only the affinity data obtained in this study was used to improve the homology models. Three sequential cycles of model refinement, docking, and ligand testing were applied, using the data acquired in previous rounds to guide the receptor model optimization in the following rounds. In parallel, we also probed the tendency of the screen to identify novel ligands of other subtypes within the same receptor family, i.e. the selectivity of a homology model-based screen against a single GPCR subtype. These findings were compared with the distribution of selectivity ratios of known ligands for the same subtypes. The adenosine receptors (ARs), which consist of the four subtypes A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, have been chosen as a suitable test case for the application of virtual screening to a closely related subtype of a known GPCR structure. There are both antagonistbound and agonist-bound X-ray structures known for the A2AAR subtype, with various ligands co-crystallized for each case. Thus, the region for orthosteric AR ligand binding has been well characterized. The first antagonist-bound structure to be determined was co-crystallized with the high affinity ligand 4-[2-[7amino-2-(2-furyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] [1,3,5]triazin-5-yl-amino]ethylphenol (1, ZM241385, Fig. 4) [8,9]. An unexpectedIn Silico Screening for A1AR AntagonistsFigure 1. The four A1AR models used in this study. Helices are labeled with Roman numerals. For clarity, individual residues mentioned in the text, depicted as thick sticks, are only labeled in panel A. Additional residues that were optimized are in thin sticks, including Lys1684.99, Glu170, Lys173, and Met177. Helices I and II have been removed for clarity. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the A2AAR, the template (PDB 3EML), is shown in black. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049910.gorientation of the ligand perpendicular to the plane of the membrane bilayer was observed. Extracellular loops, as well as helical TM domains,.T of seven membranecrossing helices. The binding pockets of the native small molecule ligands, i.e. orthosteric binding sites, are situated in the middle of the helical bundle in the Class A GPCR structures that have been determined so far [2]. Despite the recent advances in GPCR X-ray structure determination [3] and the substantial numbers of novel ligands identified for some GPCRs [4,5], there are still many (potential) GPCR targets for which no structure or ligands are known. In order to apply protein structure-based methods of ligand identification, in particular docking, to receptors that lack 22948146 an experimentally determined structure, homology modeling is a 12926553 promising avenue. Constructing homology models is facilitated by the fact that the transmembrane (TM) region of Class A GPCRs is relatively well conserved [6]. The accuracy of homology models is limited, however, by the uncertainty of modeling the extra- and intracellular loops, which greatly vary in length and amino acid composition, even between otherwise closely related GPCRs [7]. In this study, we tested the utility of homology models for docking and selecting compounds with reasonable affinity for theinvestigated receptor subtype. We intentionally restricted the amount of existing ligand data used to refine the binding site during model building to mimic a situation where few ligands are known (as would be the case for previously little investigated “novel” targets). In fact, except for the very first steps of model building and optimization, only the affinity data obtained in this study was used to improve the homology models. Three sequential cycles of model refinement, docking, and ligand testing were applied, using the data acquired in previous rounds to guide the receptor model optimization in the following rounds. In parallel, we also probed the tendency of the screen to identify novel ligands of other subtypes within the same receptor family, i.e. the selectivity of a homology model-based screen against a single GPCR subtype. These findings were compared with the distribution of selectivity ratios of known ligands for the same subtypes. The adenosine receptors (ARs), which consist of the four subtypes A1, A2A, A2B, and A3, have been chosen as a suitable test case for the application of virtual screening to a closely related subtype of a known GPCR structure. There are both antagonistbound and agonist-bound X-ray structures known for the A2AAR subtype, with various ligands co-crystallized for each case. Thus, the region for orthosteric AR ligand binding has been well characterized. The first antagonist-bound structure to be determined was co-crystallized with the high affinity ligand 4-[2-[7amino-2-(2-furyl)-1,2,4-triazolo[1,5-a] [1,3,5]triazin-5-yl-amino]ethylphenol (1, ZM241385, Fig. 4) [8,9]. An unexpectedIn Silico Screening for A1AR AntagonistsFigure 1. The four A1AR models used in this study. Helices are labeled with Roman numerals. For clarity, individual residues mentioned in the text, depicted as thick sticks, are only labeled in panel A. Additional residues that were optimized are in thin sticks, including Lys1684.99, Glu170, Lys173, and Met177. Helices I and II have been removed for clarity. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the A2AAR, the template (PDB 3EML), is shown in black. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049910.gorientation of the ligand perpendicular to the plane of the membrane bilayer was observed. Extracellular loops, as well as helical TM domains,.