The amplitude of population spike responses to generate input?output curves

The amplitude of population spike responses to generate input?output curves (I/O curves). Paired-pulse facilitation was assessed by applying pairs of stimuli at varying inter-pulse intervals (20, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms). The paired pulse ratio (PPR) was determined by calculating the ratio of the average amplitude of the second response to the first. Each trace corresponds to anAnxiolytic-like responses in fmr1 KO zebrafishThe light/dark test has been proposed as a model of anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish. The time spent in white compartment and the numbers of midline crossings were analyzed for each fish. As illustrated in Figure 2, we found a BTZ043 web significant genotypic difference in both measures. fmr1 KO fish spent more time in the whiteFigure 1. Summary of genotyping results. (A) Representative data obtained from genotyping of wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/2) and homozygous (2/2) fishes was validated by polymerase chain reaction. (B) Brain tissues were analyzed by western blot using an FMRP specific antibody. Lane 1 contains wild-type (WT) and Lane 2 contains fmr12/2 (KO). The arrow points at FMRP located. The FMRP protein is completely absent in fmr12/2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051456.gBehavior Synapse Features in Fragile X SyndromeFigure 3. The inhibitory avoidance of fmr1 KO and wild-type fish. Bars indicate the mean latencies 6 the SEMs to cross from the shallow to the deep compartment (in seconds) in the training and test sessions for both genotypes. *p,0.05 compared with training sessions; # p,0.05 compared with wild-type fish. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051456.gFigure 2. Anxiolytic-like responses of fmr1 KO zebrafish. (A) Bar graphs of the time spent in the white compartment by fmr1 KO and wild-type fish. **p,0.01 compared with wild-type fish. (B) Bar graph of the number of midline crossings for fmr1 KO (n = 12) and wild-type fish (n = 10). **p,0.01 compared with wild-type fish. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051456.gboth genotypes. As shown in Figure 5B, pairs of presynaptic fiber stimulation pulses delivered at inter-pulse intervals of 20, 50, 100, 150 and 200 milliseconds evoked nearly identical amounts of PPF in slices from wild-type and fmr1 KO zebrafish. We suggest that basal glutamatergic 1081537 transmission and presynaptic function at the Dl-Dm synapse remain normal in fmr1 KO zebrafishSynaptic plasticity in fmr1KO zebrafishIn zebrafish, FMRP is highly expressed in the telencephalon [33], an important brain region involved in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory processes. This fact raises an intriguing possibility that FMRP is involved in synaptic plasticity. We nextcompartment (Fig. 2A, p,0.01) and had greater numbers of midline 1527786 crossings compared to wild-type fish (Fig. 2B, p,0.01), indicating lower anxiety and increased locomotion in KO fishes.Impaired inhibitory avoidance learning in fmr1 KO zebrafishThe inhibitory avoidance test has been extensively used for assessing memories of get UKI 1 aversive experiences. In this study, fmr1 KO and wild-type fish were trained in the inhibitory avoidance learning task, and latency to enter the deep compartment was assessed 24 h after training. As illustrated in Figure 3 the difference between the latencies in the training and test sessions for wild-type was statistically significant (Fig. 3, n = 10, p,0.05). In contrast, no significant difference was observed in the fmr1 KO fishes. Additionally, the retention test was significantly different (p,0.05) between wild-type and fmr1 KO fis.The amplitude of population spike responses to generate input?output curves (I/O curves). Paired-pulse facilitation was assessed by applying pairs of stimuli at varying inter-pulse intervals (20, 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms). The paired pulse ratio (PPR) was determined by calculating the ratio of the average amplitude of the second response to the first. Each trace corresponds to anAnxiolytic-like responses in fmr1 KO zebrafishThe light/dark test has been proposed as a model of anxiety-like behavior in zebrafish. The time spent in white compartment and the numbers of midline crossings were analyzed for each fish. As illustrated in Figure 2, we found a significant genotypic difference in both measures. fmr1 KO fish spent more time in the whiteFigure 1. Summary of genotyping results. (A) Representative data obtained from genotyping of wild-type (+/+), heterozygous (+/2) and homozygous (2/2) fishes was validated by polymerase chain reaction. (B) Brain tissues were analyzed by western blot using an FMRP specific antibody. Lane 1 contains wild-type (WT) and Lane 2 contains fmr12/2 (KO). The arrow points at FMRP located. The FMRP protein is completely absent in fmr12/2. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051456.gBehavior Synapse Features in Fragile X SyndromeFigure 3. The inhibitory avoidance of fmr1 KO and wild-type fish. Bars indicate the mean latencies 6 the SEMs to cross from the shallow to the deep compartment (in seconds) in the training and test sessions for both genotypes. *p,0.05 compared with training sessions; # p,0.05 compared with wild-type fish. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051456.gFigure 2. Anxiolytic-like responses of fmr1 KO zebrafish. (A) Bar graphs of the time spent in the white compartment by fmr1 KO and wild-type fish. **p,0.01 compared with wild-type fish. (B) Bar graph of the number of midline crossings for fmr1 KO (n = 12) and wild-type fish (n = 10). **p,0.01 compared with wild-type fish. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051456.gboth genotypes. As shown in Figure 5B, pairs of presynaptic fiber stimulation pulses delivered at inter-pulse intervals of 20, 50, 100, 150 and 200 milliseconds evoked nearly identical amounts of PPF in slices from wild-type and fmr1 KO zebrafish. We suggest that basal glutamatergic 1081537 transmission and presynaptic function at the Dl-Dm synapse remain normal in fmr1 KO zebrafishSynaptic plasticity in fmr1KO zebrafishIn zebrafish, FMRP is highly expressed in the telencephalon [33], an important brain region involved in synaptic plasticity and learning and memory processes. This fact raises an intriguing possibility that FMRP is involved in synaptic plasticity. We nextcompartment (Fig. 2A, p,0.01) and had greater numbers of midline 1527786 crossings compared to wild-type fish (Fig. 2B, p,0.01), indicating lower anxiety and increased locomotion in KO fishes.Impaired inhibitory avoidance learning in fmr1 KO zebrafishThe inhibitory avoidance test has been extensively used for assessing memories of aversive experiences. In this study, fmr1 KO and wild-type fish were trained in the inhibitory avoidance learning task, and latency to enter the deep compartment was assessed 24 h after training. As illustrated in Figure 3 the difference between the latencies in the training and test sessions for wild-type was statistically significant (Fig. 3, n = 10, p,0.05). In contrast, no significant difference was observed in the fmr1 KO fishes. Additionally, the retention test was significantly different (p,0.05) between wild-type and fmr1 KO fis.